My ears didn't fail me.
I found the reason: In Pulse Audio Volume Control I happened to notice that the USB 3.0 Pro Dock Sound drain was set to Analog Duplex in Configuration. So it was D/A-converted for the headphone socket, and re-converted D/A to be sent to the monitor via DP. The very moment I set it to Digital Output (S/PDIF) it was okay.
As an aside, though solved here, this still looks like a hardware circuit design failure through the analog signal path, since any proper analog circuitry will not effect the frequency response audibly through this type of conversion.
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